Words are divided into classes or kinds according to their function in sentences. Different kinds of words are called Parts of Speech. There are eight Parts of Speech in English.
1.Noun
2.Pronoun
3.Adjective
4.Verb
5.Adverb
6.Preposition
7.Conjunction
8.Interjection
1.Noun
A noun is a name of a person, place, thing, language, or anything else.
Examples-:Ram, Nehru, Indira, Delhi, Kottayam, Moon, Wisdom, Rose, Hindi, Malayalam, English.
A Noun is a naming word. Nouns are of five kinds.
(i)Proper Noun.
A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person or place.
Examples-: Akbar, John, Mary, India, Mumbai, Kochi, the Everest, the Pacific...
A Proper Noun must begin with a CAPITAL LETTER. The Definite Article "the" is used with a Proper Noun is exempted from this rule.
Example-: the Ganges.
(ii)Common Noun.
A Common Noun is the name given commonly to the person or persons, thing, or things of the same kind or class.
Examples-:city,man,river,mountain etc.....
(iii)Collective Noun.
A Collective Noun is the name of a group of persons or things that are taken together.
Example-:crowd, army, jury, fleet, class, flock, herd, family, committee, nation, team, assembly....etc.
A Collective Noun denotes an individual whole and hence the verb used is usually singular.
Example-:
The army is moving to the border.
(iv)Material Noun.
The name of matter or a substance of which things are made is a material noun.
Example-:
Bottles are made of glass.
Gold is a precious metal.
The coin is made of copper(steel, iron, cotton, silver are material nouns.)
(v)Abstract Noun.
An abstract noun is the name of some Quality, State, or Action.
Quality-:kindness, wisdom, honesty, cruelty.
State-:freedom, slavery.....
Action-:theft, gift, flight.
Name of Sciences or Arts-:Music, Chemistry, History, Geography.
There are mainly two types of nouns. Abstract and Concrete.
Concrete nouns are those that named a person or things that can be seen, heard, touched, tasted.
Abstract nouns are those name qualities, conditions, or actions that cannot be seen, heard, touched, or tasted.
1.Concrete Nouns
(a)Proper Noun
(b)Common Noun
(c)Collective Noun
(d)Material Noun
2.Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are formed by using the following methods.
(i)From Adjectives. (about adjectives we will study next)
Adjectives-Abstract Nouns
Honest-Honesty
Dark-Darkness
Young-Youth
Poor-Poverty
Kind-Kindness
(ii)From Verbs.
Verb-Abstract Noun.
Obey-Obedience
Grow-Growth
Die-Death
Give-Gift
Run-Race
(iii)From Common Noun
Common Noun-Abstract Noun
Child-Childhood
Slave-Slavery
Boy-Boyhood
Man-Manhood
Infant-Infancy.
2.PRONOUN.
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a Noun.
Examples-:
I, We, You, he, she, it, they...
Major Types of Pronouns
(i)Personal Pronoun.
The Pronouns that stand for the name of persons are called Personal Pronouns.
Example-:
I am Leela. (I)
Listen to me. (me).
You are Latha. (You)
I am speaking to you (I &you)
She is Leela. (she)
Don't play with her. (her)
First Person-:I, my, me, mine
Second Person-:You
Third Person-:he, she, his, her, him, it, they, them
(ii)Relative Pronoun.
Relative Pronoun relates to some Nouns going before.
Examples-:
The girl who is studying.
The new car which I have bought.
Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That, What (Examples of Relative Pronouns)
3.ADJECTIVE
An Adjective is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to add something to its meaning.
Uses of Adjectives.
(i)To qualify a noun.
Examples-:
He(noun) is a good(adjective) boy.
Sreya(n) is a lazy(a) girl.
(ii)To qualify a verb.
Examples-:
The boy is(v) good.(a)
Sita was(v) lazy(a).
Kinds of Adjectives.
(i)Adjectives of Quality.
Examples-:
He is a fat man.
The young boy helped the little child.
She has a black cat.
(ii)Adjectives of Quantity.
Examples-:
I eat some rice.
He has lost all his wealth.
India has enough food.
(iii)Adjectives of Number.
Examples-:
A week has seven days.
All men must die.
I warned him several times.
He has many friends.
(iv)Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative Adjectives are used to demonstrate the quality of a noun.
The mango is sweet.
Tears are saline.
This is a good book.
(v)Interrogative Adjectives.
Adjectives used to ask questions are Interrogative Adjectives.
Examples-:
Which road leads to the station?
What kind of a man is he?
Whose book is this?
4.VERB.
A Verb is a word that tells something about or that denotes the action of a person or a thing.
Examples-:Simple Present Tense.
Mother laughs.
I laugh.
We laugh.
They laugh.
Examples-:Simple Past Tense.
Mother laughed.
I laughed.
We laughed.
They laughed.
Examples-:Simple Future Tense.
Mother will laugh.
I shall laugh.
We shall laugh.
They will laugh.
Examples-:Present Continuous Tense.
Mother is laughing.
I am laughing.
We are laughing.
They are laughing.
Examples-:Past Continuous Tense.
Mother was laughing.
I was laughing.
We were laughing.
They were laughing.
Examples-:Future Continuous Tense.
Mother will be laughing.
I shall be laughing.
We shall be laughing.
They will be laughing.
Examples-:Present Perfect Tense.
Mother has laughed.
I have laughed.
We have laughed.
They have laughed.
Examples-:Past Perfect Tense.
Mother had laughed.
I had laughed.
We had laughed.
They had laughed.
These are only examples since Past Perfect Tense is used only when we have to say two things in the past that we have seen earlier. (First Incident in Past Perfect Tense and Second incident in Simple Past Tense.)
Examples-:Future Perfect Tense.
Mother will have laughed.
I shall have laughed.
We shall have laughed.
They will have laughed.
Examples-:Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Mother has been laughing.
I have been laughing.
We have been laughing.
They have been laughing.
Examples-:Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Mother had been laughing.
I had been laughing.
We had been laughing.
They had been laughing.
Examples-:Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Mother will have been laughing.
I shall have been laughing.
We shall have been laughing.
They will have been laughing.
5.ADVERB.
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Babu walks slowly(the adverb slowly modifies the verb walks)
The fruit is very sweet.(the adverb very modifies the adjective sweet)
John writes quite legibly. (here the adverb quite modifies the adjective sweet).
6.PREPOSITIONS.
A Preposition is a word that shows how a noun or a pronoun is related to other words in a sentence.
Examples-:
in, on, of, for, under, above, along, at, up, by, to, with, behind, amidst, between, about, below, within, beyond, underneath, beside, without, among, around, outside, beneath..........
Examples in use-:
There is a ring in the draw.
She came on Sunday.
The table is made of wood.
The cat sleeps under a cot.
She came above my expectations.
He ran for the bus.
Grandpa married at the age of 90.
These books are written by a famous novelist.
Go to the classes.
He talked about his victories.
Without hard work, no one can achieve success in life.
There is a stranger outside.
7.CONJUNCTIONS.
A Conjunction is a word that joins words and sentences.
Examples-:
Vijayan and Dasan are friends.
Babu is poor, but he is honest.
She may study either Science or Mathematics.
He is neither clever nor hard-working.
I don't know whether it is a boy or a girl.
Nehru was not only a great leader but also a great writer.
He walks as though he is lame.
Arun as well as his father was present.
He replied to my letter as soon as he got it.
He saved some money so that to go abroad.
He fled lest he should be killed (lest means for fear that, lest is always followed by should).
8.INTERJECTION.
An Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden feeling or emotion.
Examples-:
Hello! Glad to meet you.
Alas! He is dead.
Ah! Have they gone?
Hurrah! We have won the match.
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