NUMBERS.

There are two numbers in English.

 They are-:

1.Singular Number.

2.Plural Number.

Singular means one in number.

Plural means more than one in number. 

                                                                                 A noun that names only one person or thing is in the singular number.

                                                        A noun that names more than one person or thing is in the plural number. 

Singular-Plural. 

Book-Books.

Pen-Pens.

Bench-Benches

                                             Most nouns change from singular to plural by adding the letter "s" to the singular.

Examples-:

Cap-Caps.

Cat-Cats.

Shirt-Shirts.

                           Nouns that end in -sh,-ch, -s,-ss, or x form their plurals by adding "es" to the singular.

Examples-:

Singular-Plural. 

Bench-Benches.

Brush-Brushes.

Dish-Dishes.

Church-Churches.

Gas-Gases.

Class-Classes.

Box-Boxes.

Fox-Foxes.

                               Nouns that end in "y" form their plural by first changing the "y" into "i" and adding "es" if the "y" has a consonant before it.

Singular-Plural. 

Baby-Babies.

Lady-Ladies.

Fly-Flies.

Enemy-Enemies.

Copy-Copies.

Country-Countries.

City-Cities.

                        But if the "y" has a vowel before it, the nouns form the plurals by adding only "s". 

Example-:

Singular-Plural. 

Day_Days.

Valley-Valleys.

Monkey-Monkeys.

Toy-Toys.

                          Nouns that end in "f" or "fe" form their plural by first changing the "f" or "fe" into "v" and then adding "es".

Example-:

Singular-Plural. 

Leaf-Leaves.

Shelf-Shelves.

Wolf-Wolves.

Life-Lives.

Wife-Wives.

Knife-Knives.

                           But some nouns that end in "f" form their plurals by only adding "s".

Example-:

Singular-Plural. 

Safe-Safes.

Chief-Chiefs.

Roof-Roofs.

Gulf-Gulfs.

                                Nouns that end in "o" often form their plural by adding "es".

Example-:

Singular-Plural. 

Hero-Heroes.

Buffalo-Buffaloes.

Negro-Negroes.

Potato-Potatoes.

Mango-Mangoes.

Tomato-Tomatoes.

                              But we have exceptions here.

Piano-Pianos.

Bamboo-Bamboos.

Dynamo-Dynamos.

Memento-Mementos.

                                            Here are some nouns that do not come under any of the above rules.

Example-:

Man-Men.

Woman-Women.

Foot-Feet.

Tooth-Teeth.

Goose-Geese.

Mouse-Mice.

Child-Children.

Ox-Oxen.

Deer-Deer.

Sheep-Sheep.

                                Here are some nouns that seem to be plural but actually singular.

Examples-:

News.

Politics.

Physics.

Mathematics.

Mechanics.

                            The following nouns are singular in form but plural in number. (collective nouns)

Examples-:

People.

Cattle.

Poultry.