They are -:is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has had, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need to, dare to, used to.
Auxiliary Verbs are of two kinds.
1.Primary Auxiliaries.
2.Modal Auxiliaries.
1.Primary Auxiliaries.
-: is, am, are, was, were( forms of "be")
have, has, had (forms of "have)
do, does, did (forms of "do")
Primary Auxiliaries can also be used as main verbs.
Examples-:
My name is John.
I am a carpenter.
He was a teacher.
They were friends.
They are writers.
Primary Auxiliaries are used as helping verbs in Continuous Tenses of all types.
Examples-:
I am writing.
I was writing.
They are eating.
They were eating.
She is dancing.
She was dancing.
I have been learning Sanskrit.
HAVE(have/has)
Have or forms of have (have has, had) are used to denote ownership.
Examples-:
I have a car.
She has a bicycle.
Have or forms of have, used to make Perfect and Perfect Continuous Tenses.
Examples-:
I have visited Mumbai.
She has lost her pen.
My father had given her a warning before she proposed to me.
Do(do, does, did)-are present in the present/past form of every verb.
Examples-:
go=do+go
goes=does+go
went=did+go
walk=do+walk
walks=does+walk
walked=did+walk
run=do+run
runs=does+run
ran=did+ran.
Exercises-:
do+write=write
does+write=writes
did+write=wrote
do+eat=eat
does+eat=eats
did+eat=ate
We have seen that how a verb is split up into two using do/does/did. It is useful in the following cases.
(i)To ask a question.
Example-:
She studies Mathematics.
What does she study?
(ii)Formation of Negatives.
Example-:
I wrote a letter yesterday.
I did not write a letter yesterday.
(III)If stress/importance is given when saying something
Example-:
I did write the novel. (That means I myself wrote the novel)
2.Modal Auxiliaries.
will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need to, dare to, used to.
Modal Auxiliaries are used to denote possibility, permission, ability, and responsibility.
Will/Shall.
Will/Shall is used in Future Tense.
(i)'would' is used to say about habitual actions in the past.
Example-:
I would play tennis when I was a schoolboy.
(ii)In polite request would is used.
Example-:
Would you please lend me your book?
(iii)to give importance to one thing would rather is used.
Example-:
I would rather have tea than coffee.
(iv)to express a wish would like is used.
Example-:
I would like to have a cup of coffee.
(v)In Reported Speech 'would' is used as the past tense of will/shall.
Example-:
The teacher said," I will explain the lesson".
changed into Reported Speech as
The teacher said that he would explain the lesson.
His father said, "I shall send you the book".
His father said that he would send him the book.
SHOULD.
(i)to show responsibility and duty,' should 'is used.
Example-:
Children should obey their parents.
Drivers should listen to the signals.
(ii)to deny someone from doing something 'should' is used.
Example-:
Students should not waste their time.
You should not behave like this.
(iii)to show a 'possibility ' 'should have' is used.
Example-:
He should have brought the ticket now.
They should have started by this time.
(iv)In Reported Speech 'should' is used as the past form of 'shall'.
Example-:
The Judge said, "The minister shall come to the court".
The Judge said that the minister should come to the court.
CAN.
(i)to show ability 'can' is used.
Example-:
I can drive.
She can cook.
(ii)to give permission and to ask for permission, can is used.
Example-:
Now you can go home.
Can I use your pen?
(i)to show possibility can is used.
Example-:
Miracles can happen even in this century.
Anyone can go wrong.
COULD.
(I)'could' is used to express ability in the past.
Example-:
I could work ten hours on those days.
Five years ago, I could walk five kilometers a day.
But to show achievement or special ability in the past "was able to"is used instead of "could".
Example-:
He was able to climb even the tallest tree when he was a boy.
I was able to swim across even the flooded rivers when I was a boy.
He was ignorant. But I was able to convince him of the problem.
(ii)to start a polite request "could" is used.
Example-:
Could you lend me your pen?
(iii)something that might have happened in the past, but did not happen, 'could have' is used in this contest.
Example-:
If you had informed her, she could have attended the meeting.
(iv)In reported speech could is used as the past form of 'can'.
Example-:
Aneesh asked me, "Can I take your pen?"
Aneesh asked me if he could take my pen.
MAY.
(i)'may' is used to ask permission and to give permission.
Example-:
You may go home.
May I use your pen?
(ii)To show possibility 'may' is used.
Example-:
She may come.
It may rain now.
(iii)To express a wish or blessing 'may' is used.
Example-:
May God bless you.
May you live long.
MIGHT.
(i)'might' is used to show possibility in a weaker sense,' may' is used to show possibility in a stronger sense.
Example-:
He might miss the train.
The train might be late.
(ii)' Might' is used as the past form of 'may' in REPORTED SPEECH.
Example-:
The Inspector said, "I may pay a surprise visit".
The Inspector said that he might pay a surprise visit.
MUST.
(i) 'Must' is used to express necessity or need.
Example-:
We must study well for better results.
You must take a ticket to travel by train.
(ii)' Must' is used to show strong obligation.
Example-:
We must behave politely.
An umpire must be impartial.
(iii)'Must' is used to express very strong possibility.
Example-:
If this information is true,he must have killed himself.
He must not know the truth.
(iv)'Must not' is used to prohibit someone from doing something.
Example-:
Non-members must not enter the library.
Children must not see the film.
OUGHT TO.
(i) 'Ought to' is used to say about an important responsibility.
Example-:
Students ought to obey their parents.
He ought to have visited his parents.
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