Changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech we say Reported Speech.
Example-:
Raju said, "I have not eaten my breakfast".(Direct Speech)
Raju said that he had not eaten his breakfast(Reported Speech)
What do major changes occur here?
(i)Removal of 'quotations and 'commas'.
(ii)' Have eaten' changed as 'had eaten'.
(iii)' I' became 'his'.
Examples of some major changes occur in Reported Speech
Direct Speech-Reported Speech.
said-said that.
I-he.
have-had.
More examples (changing direct speech into reported speech)
He said, "I am a doctor".
He said that he was a doctor.
I said, " I am a doctor."
I said I was a doctor.
He says," I am a doctor."
He says that he is a doctor.
If the reporting verb is in the present tense there is no tense change in reported speech.
Examples-:
Ravi says, " My father is a farmer."
Ravi says that his father is a farmer.
But look at the following example.
Ravi said, "My father is a farmer."
Ravi said that his father was a farmer.
Since the Reporting Part (ie Ravi said) is in past tense what is given in quotation changes accordingly.
In Direct Speech 'said' is Reporting Verb. But according to the situation, asked, requested, commanded, and ordered are used as reporting verbs in reported speech
Example-:
The manager said to Baiju," Please submit the application soon".
The manager requested Baiju to submit the application soon.
Here 'requested' is proper to use than said. There is no tense change in what is said.
When an Imperative Sentence is reported to+ base form of the verb is used. It is known as 'to infinitive'.
Example-:
"Open the door", Manu asked the servant.
Manu ordered the servant to open the door.
Raju said to his friend, "Please come to my home".
Raju requested his friend to come to his home.
I told him," Please come with me"
I requested him to come with me.
"Lead a long and happy life", the Swami blessed her.
The Swami blessed her to lead a long and happy life.
Here are the major changes that happen when a Direct Speech is transformed into a Reported Speech.
Tense(Present Changes to Past Tense.)
is,am-was
Example-:
He said, " I am a teacher,"
He said that he was a teacher.
are-were.
Example-:
Sheela said, "We are friends,".
Sheela said that they were friends.
have,has-had.
Example-:
Ramu said, " I have brought a bicycle."
Ramu said that he had brought a bicycle.
can-could.
Example-:
The manager said to Hari, " You can go home."
The manager told Hari that he could go home.
will-would.
Example-:
"Will you give me a pen?" Saleem asked me.
Saleem asked me if I would give him a pen.
shall-should.
Example-:
"I shall come with you".I told Siddhu.
I told Siddhu that I should go with him.
may-might.
Example-:
Rakesh said, "She may come,"
Rakesh said that she might come.
must-had to.
Example-:
The minister said, "I must attend the press conference".
The minister said that he had to attend the press conference.
do,does-did.
Example-:
Minnie said, "I do the cleaning myself'".
Minnie said that she did the cleaning herself.
did-had done.
Jeena said, "I did the cleaning myself".
Jeena said that she had done the cleaning herself.
PRONOUN CHANGE.
I-he, she.
Example-:
Kuttan Pillai said, "I am a policeman".
Kuttan Pillai said that he was a policeman.
my-his, her.
Example-:
Rinku said, "I have lost my bangles."
Rinku said that she had lost her bangles.
You-him, her, them.
Example-:
Kunchu said to Kurumozhi, "I love you".
Kunchu told Kurumozhi that he loved her.
Kurumozhi said to her classmates, "I love you all".
Kurumozhi told her classmates that she loved them all.
Laila said to Majnu, "I love you".
Laila told Majnu that she loved him.
Your-his, her. their.
Example-:
The thief asked Rama, "Give me your bangles".
The thief asked Rama to give him her bangles.
Reema asked Ashique, "Give me your pen"
Reema asked Ashique to give her his pen".
The teacher said to the students, "Sit in your seats "
The teacher told the students to sit in their seats.
Now-then.
Example-:
The teacher said to her students, "You should study well what I teach now".
The teacher said that they should study well what she taught them.
Here-there.
Example-:
He said, "I saw the snake here".
He said that he had seen the snake there.
Ago-before.
Example-:
He said, "I met my uncle long ago".
He said that he had met his uncle long before.
Tomorrow-the next day.
Example-:
He said, "I will teach you grammar tomorrow".
He said that he would teach us grammar the next day.
Yesterday-the last day.
Example-:
She said, "I sold my ornaments yesterday".
She said that she had sold her ornaments on the last day.
This-that.
Example-:
He said, "I saw the thief in this street".
He said that he had seen the thief in that street.
These-those.
She said, "These are my bangles".
She said that those were her bangles.
When we report a question the reporting verb must ask/inquire.
Example-:
The police asked the thief, "What is your name".
The police asked the thief what his name was. (Please note the change in position of words)
What is your name?
What his name was.
Mummy asked me, "What are you looking for,"
Mummy asked me what I was looking for.
Appu asked me, "Where is my pencil?"
Appu asked me where his pencil was.
When reporting yes/no questions, if/whether is used.
Example-:
Jaya asked him, "Is your father a farmer?".
Jaya asked him whether his farmer was a farmer.
When we report universal truths there is no change in reported speech.
Example-:
The teacher said, "The Earth rotates around the sun."
The teacher said that the earth rotates around the sun.
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